Control Lab

A PID controller drives a system by feeding the difference between its reference and sensor output back into the actuator. Apply that same control structure to four very different plants: DC motor speed, vehicle cruise control, a nonlinear inverted pendulum, and drone altitude.

P reacts to present error, I accumulates the past, and D anticipates change. Switch among step, pulse, sine, and triangle references to compare transient response and periodic tracking. Realistic mode adds sensor noise, sampled delay, actuator dynamics, and saturation. Apply each plant's disturbance and watch the loop recover.